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Describing a subject with an i-adjective using the predicative form; Stating a property about something politely or in plain form; Expressing present state or general truth with an i-adjective as the predicate

used to declare a na-adjective as a predicate; to say something is (adjective) in plain form; informal assertive present tense for na-adjectives

was or were (past tense of copula); past form of 'to be' for nouns/na-adjectives; casual past: was/were; polite past: was/were

is not; isn't

was not; wasn't; didn't turn out to be

Was not; Wasn't (i-adjective)

quoting someone's words; reporting speech or thought; direct speech marker; quotative particle for thought or speech

Casual quotation marker; Colloquial form of quoting something; Hearsay/secondhand info in casual speech

Describes actions in the present or future; Plain present/future tense of verbs; General statements or habitual actions

Verb modifies noun; Relative clause: a verb phrase describing the noun that follows; Past or ongoing action describing the noun

possessive marker in front of a noun; possessor + の + possessed noun (Noun+の+Noun); standalone possessive pronoun form (mine/yours) using の followed by だ/です

Don't do something; Prohibitive imperative; Do not (casual prohibition)

Only; Just; Nothing but

Which (of three or more); Which one?; Which one among these/these options?

where; in what place; which location

Which (of three or more); What kind of; Which one

State of ongoing action; Resulting state from an action (have done)

Once...is done; Once...happens; After doing

to do something and then do something else; to sequence actions: first A, then B; one action followed by another

Already; Anymore

Still; Not yet; As yet