ポーランド クラクフの広場で男が銃を撃って6人が亡くなる
EasyN4–N3Society1 min readPublished Nov 8, 2026
Text
EasyN4–N3Society1 min readPublished Nov 8, 2026
クラクフ、、。
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。15。
、。、の。
、の。
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Author: JLPTLab
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Words
LevelWord & meaningActions
- —ポーランドPoland
- N5のpossessive marker in front of a noun; possessor + の + possessed noun (Noun+の+Noun); standalone possessive pronoun form (mine/yours) using の followed by だ/です; possessive marker; genitive marker of ownership; shows that something belongs to someone/something; the 's' possessive in Japanese; subject marker inside a noun-modifying (attributive) clause; replaces が in relative clauses (ga/no alternation, e.g. 彼の言うこと = 彼が言うこと); Noun1 の Noun2 where Noun1 describes Noun2 instead of owning it: place, time, kind, material or quantity (e.g. 大阪の会社, a company in Osaka; 7つの会社, seven companies)
- N5南Popularsouth
- N5にto indicate location/time/destination; to indicate the indirect object/recipient; to indicate purpose or goal in simple contexts; Target of a verb or adjective: what an action, feeling or attitude is directed at (e.g. 雨に注意する, watch out for rain; 時間にルーズ, careless about time; 規格に合う, meet the standard); Agent: the person made, allowed or asked to do something, or by whom something is done (causative, passive, 〜てほしい; e.g. 弟に食べさせる, make my brother eat; 先生に叱られる, be scolded by the teacher); The person who can or cannot perceive, understand or do something (e.g. 私には分からない, I don't understand; 君にしか見えない, only you can see it); Turns a noun into an adverb of manner, order or rank (e.g. 個別に, individually; 2番目に早い, the second earliest)
- N5あるPopularto be; to exist; to live; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen; to come about; to exist (in a completed state); to be (something unchanged in its current state)
- N5でAt, in (location of where an action happens); By, with, using (means or method); Within, in (a span of time); With; By (using); Within a group or range, for comparisons and rankings (e.g. クラスで一番, the best in the class); In a state, manner or role (e.g. 一人で, alone; 先発で起用される, be used as a starter); Total, amount or price (e.g. 全部で, in total; 百円で, for 100 yen); Because of; reason or occasion (e.g. 風邪で休む, be absent with a cold; 仕事で大阪へ行く, go to Osaka for work); According to; source of information or standard used (e.g. 天気予報では, according to the weather forecast; 日本時間で, in Japan time)
- N5男Popularman; male; fellow; guy; chap; bloke; male lover; boyfriend; man; manliness; manly honor; manly honour; manly reputation
- N5がSubject marking particle; Identification/attributive marking in some contexts (as in 'X is Y')
- N3銃Populargun; firearm; small arms (e.g. rifle, pistol, etc)
- N5をDirect object marker; Marks the object of a verb; Indicates what is being acted upon
- N3撃つPopularto shoot (a gun, person, etc.); to fire
- N5〜てlink actions in sequence; and then; one action follows another; cause or reason linked to result; to do something and then do something else; to sequence actions: first A, then B; one action followed by another
- —六人six people
- N4亡くなるPopularto die; to pass away
- N5ますPolite verb ending; Masu-form ending; Polite form of verbs
- —７日Popular7th day of the month; seven days
- N5午後Popularafternoon; p.m.
- —三時Popular3 o'clock; afternoon snack (eaten around 3 o'clock); three ages of Buddhism (following the death of Gautama Buddha; age of the true law, age of the copied law, and age of the degeneration of the law); three ages of the dharma
- N4ごろAround, about (a point in time); Approximately; Roughly around a certain point in time
- N5町Populartown; block; neighbourhood; neighborhood; street; road
- N3中心Popularcenter; centre; middle; heart; core; focus; pivot; emphasis; balance; -centered; -centred; -focused; -oriented; centered on; focused on
- N2広場Popularpublic square; square; plaza; piazza; forum; open space; clearing
- N5車Popularcar; automobile; vehicle; wheel; castor; caster
- N5入るPopularto enter; to come in; to go in; to get in; to arrive; to join (a club, company, etc.); to enter (a university, the army, etc.); to enroll (in); to go into (e.g. politics); to get into; to be contained (in); to be included (in); to be inside (e.g. a box); to come under (a heading); to belong (in a category); to (be able to) fit (in a container, building, etc.); to be (able to be) held; to be (able to be) accommodated; to be introduced; to be brought in; to be installed; to be received; to be obtained; to be scored (of points); to be won (of votes); to turn on; to start functioning; to start working; to enter (a month, season, etc.); to reach (e.g. a climax); to get to (e.g. the main topic); to enter into (e.g. negotiations); to start (doing); to begin; to form (of a crack, fissure, etc.); to develop; to be put in (of effort, spirit, feeling, etc.); to be applied (e.g. of strength); to be ready (of tea, coffee, etc.); to be made; to enter the body (of alcohol); to become drunk
- N4てくるto come to do something; to start doing something; to continue doing something up to now; to have become something; to be starting to do something; to begin to do something; Movement or action directed toward the speaker or the scene (e.g. 入ってくる, come in; 電話がかかってくる, a call comes in)
- N5そしてPopularand; and then; thus; and now; and finally
- N5からfrom; since; because (informal)
- N5歩くPopularto walk
- N5ている④ongoing action: is doing, am/are doing; an action in progress at the time referred to
- —人たちPopularpeople
- N2に向かって・に向けてTowards; To face; Towards the direction of; Toward the goal of
- N5〜た・〜ている＋名詞Verb modifies noun; Relative clause: a verb phrase describing the noun that follows; Past or ongoing action describing the noun
- N5のVerb nominalizer; The one who...; That which...
- N5はAs for... (highlights sentence topic); Topic marker used to indicate what the sentence is about; Marks the topic of the sentence, sometimes with contrast
- N4女性Popularwoman; female; feminine gender
- —四人Popularfour people
- N5とand; together with; as well as; with (accompaniment); along with; and (in sense of accompanying); Standard of comparison with 同じ, 違う, 似る (e.g. いつもと違う, different from usual; 姉と同じ, the same as my sister)
- N4男性Popularman; male; masculine gender
- N1二人Populartwo persons; two people; pair; couple
- N5ですto be; is; am; used to state something politely
- —警察官Popularpolice officer; policeman; policewoman
- N4などSuch as; Things like; Etc.; And so on
- —人Popularcounter for people
- N4〜も②Emphasis; As ~ as; Not even
- N4けがPopularinjury; wound; mistake; accident; loss
- N5するPopularto do; to carry out; to perform; to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into); to serve as; to act as; to work as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.); to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as; to decide on; to choose; to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.); to be (in a state, condition, etc.); to be worth; to cost; to pass (of time); to elapse; to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B; to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B; to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B; to feel A about B; verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs"); creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go"); to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
- N5人Popularperson; someone; somebody; human beings; mankind; man; people; humans; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others; character; personality; nature; capable person; competent person; suitable person; right person; adult; grown-up; I; me; one
- N5〜て・〜でConnects clauses to show sequence or cause; Links characteristics to another fact; Used to list things or describe a situation in sequence
- —にPopularat (place, time); in; on; during; to (direction, state); toward; into; for (purpose); because of (reason); for; with; by; from; as (i.e. in the role of); per; in; for; a (e.g. "once a month"); and; in addition to; if; although
- N4れる・られるWas done to ~ by ~; Done without consent; Done to one's dismay
- N5病院Popularhospital; clinic; doctor's office; doctor's surgery; infirmary
- N4運ぶPopularto carry; to transport; to move; to convey; to come; to go; to use (a brush, chopsticks, etc.); to move; to carry out; to proceed with; to arrange; to go (well, etc.); to proceed; to progress
- N5たくさんPopulara lot; lots; plenty; many; a large number; much; a great deal; a good deal; enough; sufficient; enough; too many; too much
- N5やand things like that; and the like; and other things; items such as
- N3弾ball; sphere; globe; orb; bead (of sweat, dew, etc.); drop; droplet; ball (in sports); pitch (e.g. in baseball); pile (of noodles, etc.); bullet; bulb (i.e. a light bulb); lens (of glasses, etc.); bead (of an abacus); ball (i.e. a testicle); gem; jewel (esp. spherical; sometimes used figuratively); pearl; female entertainer (e.g. a geisha); person (when commenting on their nature); character; item, funds or person used as part of a plot; coin; precious; beautiful; excellent
- N4見つかるPopularto be found; to be discovered
- N5近くPopularnear; neighbourhood; neighborhood; vicinity; nearly (e.g. "it took nearly one year"); close to; shortly; soon
- —大聖堂cathedral
- N5があるto exist (inanimate things); to have; there is/are
- —日本人PopularJapanese person
- —多くPopularmany; much; plenty; a lot; majority (of); greater part (of); mostly; mainly; chiefly; usually; often
- —観光客Populartourist
- N5来るPopularto come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to arrive; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become; to get; to grow; to continue; to come from; to be caused by; to derive from; to come to (e.g. "when it comes to spinach ...")
- N4警察Popularpolice; police officer; police station; self-appointed enforcer (of a rule, standard, etc.); busybody; vigilante; gatekeeper
- N5なぜPopularwhy; how; for what reason
- N2たdid; (have) done; (please) do
- N5～んです・のですExplanatory; Emphasis; The fact is
- N5かquestion particle; end-of-sentence question marker; used to form yes-no questions or to express wondering; or; whether; whether or not
- N4これからPopularfrom now on; after this; in the future; in future; from here; from this point
- —詳しくin detail; fully; minutely; at length
- N4調べるPopularto examine; to look up; to investigate; to check up; to sense; to study; to inquire; to search
- N4予定Popularplans; arrangement; schedule; program; programme; expectation; estimate