各

各 is a formal, often written way to mean “each” or “every” in a group. It’s placed directly before a noun to refer to every item or person in that category (e.g., 各国, 各自). It sounds more literary or formal than simply using みんな or それぞれ in everyday speech. Commonly used in written reports, lists, and instructions to emphasize individuality within a group. It can pair with numbers or other qualifiers depending on context, but the primary pattern is 各 + N. 各々 is a noun-like form meaning “each person,” “each one,” and is used similarly to refer to individuals within a group, often in a way that respects each person's stance or opinion.