N3112/219

つまり

X つまり YX。つまり、Y。

Meanings

  • In short
  • To sum up
  • In other words

About this pattern

Explanation

つまり is a conjunctive expression used to rephrase or clarify what has been said, making a logical bridge from a preceding idea to a summarizing conclusion or restatement. It signals that what follows is a concise restatement or the essential point derived from what came before. It is commonly used in spoken and written Japanese to help listeners or readers understand the takeaway or the main point. Typical contexts include summarizing reasons, conclusions from observations, or rephrasing a previous statement for emphasis.

Learn in context

Example sentences

この本は難しい。つまり、最後まで読むには時間がかかる。

This book is difficult; in other words, it will take time to read it until the end.

今日は忙しい。つまり、会議には遅刻します。

I'm busy today; in short, I'll be late to the meeting.

彼は海外で長く働いている。つまり、英語が流暢だ。

He has worked abroad for a long time, so he is fluent in English.

この計画は予算を超えている。つまり、変更が必要だ。

This plan is over budget; in other words, changes are necessary.

彼女は新しい仕事を探している。つまり、今は動き始める時だ。

She is looking for a new job; in short, now is the time to take action.

今日は忙しい。つまり、行けない。

I'm busy today; in other words, I can't go.